Managing Dutch Elm Disease

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a severe fungal infection devastating elm trees globally. It blocks the tree’s ability to transport water, causing wilting, yellowing leaves, and often tree death. This article will explain the causes, symptoms, and effective management strategies for Dutch elm disease to help you keep your trees healthy.

Key Takeaways

• Dutch elm disease, caused by Ophiostoma fungi, leads to tree wilting and death; early detection and intervention are crucial for management.
• Elm bark beetles facilitate the spread of the disease by breeding in infected trees and transmitting spores; controlling their population is essential.
• Effective management strategies include pruning, sanitation, fungicide injections, and awareness of root graft transmission to protect healthy elm trees.

Understanding Dutch Elm Disease

Dutch elm disease is a devastating plant disease primarily caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, with the latter being more prevalent and aggressive. These fungi block the tree’s xylem, impairing its ability to transport water and nutrients, leading to wilting and eventual tree death. Infected trees initially show signs of wilting or ‘flagging’ in their upper branches, with affected leaves changing color and becoming brittle, ultimately resulting in a diseased tree. Dying elms are significant contributors to this issue. Ophiostoma species are significant contributors to this issue.

As the disease progresses, vascular discoloration appears as brown rings in the sapwood of wilted branches and brown leaves. Symptoms typically start appearing in late spring or early summer, but can occur at any time during the growth period. The rapid spread and aggressive nature of the DED fungi make early detection and intervention critical, as leaves may turn brown.

The proliferation of the fungus triggers the production of tyloses, which further block the xylem and hasten the tree’s decline. Understanding these mechanisms is vital for implementing effective management strategies in plant pathology. Recognizing early symptoms and understanding the disease’s progression enables timely actions to save infected trees and protect healthy ones.

The Role of Elm Bark Beetles

Elm bark beetles, specifically the native elm bark beetle and the smaller European elm bark beetle, play a crucial role in the spread of Dutch elm disease fungus. These beetles breed by laying their eggs under the bark of dying or dead trees, creating breeding grounds. As the larvae grow, they produce sticky spores of the DED fungus within their feeding galleries. When adult beetles emerge, they carry spores to healthy trees, initiating new infections in various elm species.

The native elm bark beetles primarily infect larger branches, while the smaller European elm bark beetles target twig crotches. This distinction means that different parts of the tree can be susceptible depending on which beetle is present. The feeding habits of these beetles cause direct infections, as they introduce the fungal spores into the tree’s vascular system.

Controlling beetle populations is key to managing DED spread. Understanding their lifecycle and habits, including beetle feeding, allows for targeted strategies to reduce their numbers and prevent new infections. This includes treating infected trees, removing breeding sites, and effectively using insecticides.

Root Grafts and Disease Spread

Root grafts, formed when the root systems of adjacent elm trees naturally fuse, are another significant pathway for the spread of Dutch elm disease. These connections allow the disease to move directly from an infected tree to a healthy one, bypassing the need for beetle transmission. The existence and closeness of elm trees influence the frequency of root grafts, making densely planted areas particularly vulnerable.

The transmission of DED through root grafts is especially concerning when infected trees are within 35 to 50 feet of healthy elms. Effective management must include strategies to sever these root connections to prevent further spread. Understanding the role of root grafts in disease transmission allows for proactive measures to protect nearby healthy elms.

Identifying Symptoms in Elm Trees

Early identification of DED symptoms is crucial for timely intervention. The initial signs include yellowing and wilting leaves, often starting in the upper branches. As the disease progresses, brown streaking can be observed in the sapwood when the bark is peeled back from affected branches. Monitoring these symptoms allows for early detection and the potential to save the tree through prompt action.

Pruning infected branches as soon as symptoms are detected significantly increases the chances of saving the tree. It is recommended to prune at least 10 to 15 feet below any visible signs of discoloration, including dying branches. Effective pruning can save about portion of the trees if done promptly, especially when less than 5% of the crown shows wilting symptoms. Regular monitoring and immediate response are highlighted as important.

Effective Sanitation Practices

Sanitation practices are essential to control the spread of Dutch elm disease. Infected trees must be removed swiftly to prevent the disease from spreading to nearby healthy trees. Delaying removal can result in further infections, making it crucial to act quickly.

All elm wood from infected trees must be chipped or completely debarked and buried to prevent beetles from breeding in the infested wood. Insecticides can serve as an alternative to wood destruction methods by effectively controlling beetle populations in infected wood.

Such practices are vital for maintaining a healthy tree population and preventing DED spread.

Preventing Root Graft Transmission

Preventing the spread of Dutch elm disease through root grafts involves severing the root connections between infected and healthy trees. This can be achieved by digging a trench 36 to 40 inches deep around infected elms using mechanical trenching machines or a vibratory plow. The trench must fully encircle the diseased trees to disrupt root connections effectively.

After trenching, refilling the trench, and promptly removing any diseased elm trees from the area is crucial. This method helps prevent the disease’s underground spread, protecting nearby healthy elms and maintaining the integrity of the tree population.

Pruning Techniques for Infected Trees

Managing infected elm trees requires proper pruning techniques. The recommended height for pruning diseased trees is 10 to 15 feet below the infection site. It is important to examine the entire circumference of the branch when pruning to ensure complete removal of the infected wood.

Tools used on elm trees should be disinfected before and after pruning to avoid fungal contamination. Additionally, pruning should be restricted from April 15 to October 15 to minimize the risk of attracting elm bark beetles.

These practices help manage the disease and improve the chances of saving susceptible trees and infected trees.

Utilizing Insecticides

Insecticides play a crucial role in controlling elm bark beetle populations and reducing the spread of Dutch elm disease. Chlorpyrifos is highly effective in eliminating nearly all broods of elm bark beetles and preventing new infestations when applied correctly. Methoxychlor can repel elm bark beetles, reducing twig feeding damage.

While less effective than chlorpyrifos, Carbaryl and methoxychlor can still be utilized for controlling beetle broods, but may not provide complete protection. The timing of insecticide applications, specifically in early spring and fall, is crucial for maintaining effective control of elm bark beetles. A thorough sanitation program is necessary to complement insecticide use and ensure the reduction of beetle populations.

Applying Fungicide Injections

Fungicide injections are an effective method to protect elm trees from Dutch elm disease. Thiabendazole and propiconazole are two fungicides that can be administered directly into the tree to prevent infection. Only certified arborists should perform these injections to ensure proper application and effectiveness.

Reapplication of fungicides is needed every one to three years, depending on the formulation used. These injections help prevent the infection of healthy leaves by DED fungi, providing an additional layer of protection for elm trees.

Planting Resistant Elm Varieties

Planting disease-resistant elm varieties is a proactive strategy for combating Dutch elm disease. Resistant species include Siberian elm, Chinese elm, and several American elm cultivars like Princeton and St. Croix. Hybrid elms, such as Accolade™, and certain American elms are specifically bred to resist both DED and pests.

Inoculation trials on selected elm varieties have shown promising disease resistance, indicating potential for future breeding of susceptible species. Planting these resistant varieties helps maintain healthy urban forests and mitigate the impact of Dutch elm disease.

Distribution of Dutch Elm Disease

Dutch elm disease is widely distributed. It affects areas in the UK, continental Europe, North West Europe, North America, and New Zealand. The Dutch elm disease was first identified in Europe in 1910 and has since spread to nearly every country except Greece and Finland. In North America, DED arrived in 1928 through elm wood imports, leading to the loss of approximately 75% of the elm population. The spread of the Dutch elm disease has had a significant impact on these regions.

In New Zealand, Dutch elm disease was detected in the Auckland region in 1989, with a major outbreak occurring in 2013. Understanding the geographical spread of DED helps in developing targeted management strategies for affected areas.

Managing Diseased Trees in Urban Areas

Managing diseased trees in urban areas requires a combination of community education and proactive measures. In Toronto, it is estimated that 80% of elm trees have succumbed to Dutch elm disease, highlighting the need for effective management strategies. Community education plays a crucial role in the early identification and management of DED.

Local authorities in the UK can take action to remove and destroy infected elms as part of efforts to control the disease. These combined efforts help to reduce the impact of DED in urban settings and preserve the health of remaining elm trees.

Research and Future Directions

Current research efforts are focused on identifying and breeding resistant genetic variants to restore large elm trees, including the English elm and Ulmus americana. Hybrids of Asiatic elms and American elms are notable contributions to breeding disease-resistant elms, including mature elms. The Conservation Foundation is working on breeding resistant elm trees in Britain.

Future directions include developing fungicides, tree vaccines, and resistant cultivars to combat Dutch elm disease. Continued research and innovation are essential for overcoming the challenges posed by DED and ensuring the survival of elm populations.

Dutch Elm Summary

Combating Dutch elm disease requires a multifaceted approach, from understanding the disease and the insects that spread it to implementing effective sanitation practices and planting resistant elm varieties.

By staying informed and proactive, we can protect our elm trees and preserve the beauty and ecological benefits they provide. Let us commit to the fight against Dutch elm disease and work together to ensure the health and longevity of our elm populations.

Frequently Asked Questions

What causes Dutch elm disease?

Dutch elm disease is caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, with the latter being the more aggressive strain. Understanding this can aid in preventing its spread and protecting elm trees.

How do elm bark beetles spread Dutch elm disease?

Elm bark beetles spread Dutch elm disease by carrying spores of the fungus and transmitting them while they feed on healthy elm trees. Effective management of these beetles is crucial to prevent the spread of the disease.

What are the early symptoms of Dutch elm disease?

The early symptoms of Dutch elm disease are yellowing, wilting leaves, and flagging in the upper branches. Recognizing these signs is essential for effective management.

How can fungicide injections help in managing Dutch elm disease?

Fungicide injections effectively manage Dutch elm disease by delivering fungicides directly into the tree, providing targeted protection against infection. This proactive approach helps preserve tree health and prevent the spread of the disease.

Are there any resistant elm varieties that can be planted to combat Dutch elm disease?

Yes, resistant varieties such as Siberian elm, Chinese elm, and specific American elm cultivars like Princeton and St. Croix can be successfully planted to combat Dutch elm disease. These options provide a viable solution for those looking to maintain healthy elm populations.

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Evergreen Tree Diseases

Keep your evergreen trees from dying and spreading killer diseases. By knowing what to look for and how to stop evergreen tree diseases, you can save your trees or have them removed.

fasttreeremovalatlanta.com gathered the following information, symptoms, and treatment for pathogens that attack, weaken, and kill evergreen trees.

Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) Blight

Diplodia sapinea is the opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for this disease. It affects various 2 and 3 needle pines and conifers. Especially susceptible are red pine, Mugo pine, Scots pine, Ponderosa pine, and Austrian pine. Diplodia blight infects trees of all ages, but higher infection rates are found among trees weakened by drought, infestation, and nutrient deficiencies.

Symptoms of Diplodia Blight – This disease is common among conifers, pines in particular. Signs that indicate a Diplodia blight infection include:

• Stunted, brown needles and stems
• Dying, tan-colored, young needles remain attached
• Pollen cones and mature needles appear uninfected
• Root collar rot in younger trees
• Root disease
• Small, black fruiting structures

In severe cases, entire branches can become infected. Resinous cankers may also form on the stems and trunk of the tree.

During late summer and fall, this disease produces pycnidia (fruiting bodies). Pycnidia are found near the base of needles, on scales of seed cones, or on tree bark. The presence of these fruiting structures, together with other symptoms, is compelling evidence that Diplodia blight has infected your tree.

Treatment of Diplodia Blight – Once a Diplodia blight infection is confirmed, the following management measures should be taken:

• Remove and destroy debris from the base of the tree
• Maintain grass and weeds below the tree trimmed low to the ground (increases airflow)
• Carefully prune out and destroy infected stems and branches (each fruiting structure may contain thousands of spores)
• Apply chemical controls beginning in the spring and every two weeks until new needle growth reaches full length.

If using chemical control, the following chemicals have shown to be quite effective in controlling this disease:

• Copper hydroxide with mancozeb
• Chlorothalonil
• Thiophanate-methyl
• Mancozeb
• Methyl

Prevention of Diplodia Blight – Ways to prevent your trees from contracting Diplodia blight include:

• Plant disease-free trees and shrubs
• Plant disease-resistant species
• Plant your trees far enough from others to maintain good airflow
• Eliminate overhead watering practices
• Care for your trees and encourage healthy growth (water, soil, fertilizer, etc.)
• Prune and cut with sanitized equipment
• Treat your trees preemptively against boring insects

When your tree is more than 25% infected, or the top portion of it has died, call a professional tree service to evaluate the damage and recommend a course of action. If you prune away a quarter of your tree, it will likely die. At this point, removal may be the only option to protect the rest of your landscape.

Cytospora Canker of Spruce

Leucostoma kunzei is the fungal pathogen responsible for this disease. Cytospora canker affects black, Oriental, white, Norway, and, most notably, Colorado blue spruce varieties. Cytospora canker occurs most often on mature landscape trees stressed by drought or poor care conditions.

Symptoms of Cytospora Canker – This disease is common among varieties of spruce trees. Signs that indicate a cytospora canker infection include:

• Lower branch dieback
• Poor growth
• Faded or brown needles
• Large amounts of resin flow on affected/dying branches
• Cut the branch to reveal reddish-brown soaked wood
• Small, black fruiting structures

Cytospora canker diseased trees, in decline, will often present the following additional indicators:

• Bark beetle infestation (confirmed by pitch tubes, boring dust, exit holes, galleries beneath the bark, and fast-paced decline from the top-down)
• Spruce spider mites (can cause severe damage)
• Pine needle scale
• Spruce bud scale

As the health of a diseased tree declines, it can be successfully attacked by multiple insect species, making its decline and death an accelerated process.

Treatment of Cytospora Canker – Once a cytospora canker infection is confirmed, the following management measures should be taken:

• Carefully pruning out diseased limbs is the only effective treatment for cytospora canker
• Prune in late winter or dry weather to prevent spreading the disease
• Destroy pruned, infected branches

Tip: Once a tree is infected with cytospora canker, fungicide sprays will have no effect on the disease and will not cure the affected tree.

Prevention of Cytospora Canker – Ways to prevent your trees from contracting cytospora canker include:

• Plant disease-free trees and shrubs
• Plant disease-resistant species
• Plant your trees far enough from others to maintain good airflow
• Care for your trees and encourage healthy growth (water, soil, fertilizer, etc.)
• Increase watering intervals during times of drought
• Have your trees inspected annually to detect any health or insect problems (spider mites, bagworms, etc.)
• Have severely infected trees (dying or dead) promptly removed and destroyed to slow the disease from spreading and eliminate breeding sites for boring insects

When your tree is infected by a disease and infested by boring insects, call a professional tree service to either treat or remove the tree.

Cercospora Blight of Junipers

Pseudo-Cercospora juniperi is the fungus responsible for this disease. Cercospora blight of junipers affects the Cupressaceae (cypress) family, which includes multiple species of junipers and redwoods. Cercospora blight spreads to young foliage in warm, wet weather and can cause a tree to show signs of infection within two to three weeks.

Symptoms of Cercospora Blight of Junipers – This disease is common among varieties of junipers, redwoods, arborvitae, and Eastern red cedar. Signs that indicate a Cercospora blight infection include:

• Lower branch dieback (foliage turns bronze or light brown then gray)
• Inner foliage death occurs first as the disease works outward then upward
• Small fuzzy fruiting structures appear on the dead foliage

Eventually, the dead foliage falls from the tree leaving the inner branches stripped of any foliage or twigs. In advanced cases, the outer foliage also dies off, leaving only the foliage at the very top of the tree.

It is the green (seemingly unaffected) foliage at the end of affected branches that differentiate this pathogen from other blight causing diseases that kill from the infection or canker site out to the tip.

Treatment of Cercospora Blight of Junipers – Once a Cercospora blight infection is confirmed, the following management measures should be taken:

• Apply a liquid or wettable powder fungicide (copper fungicides are recommended) to the lower branches of trees with minor infection evidence. Spray all of the tree’s foliage for heavily infected specimens. Spray the trees in the beginning, middle, and again at the end of the summer season.
• For trees with advanced symptoms of infection (fifty percent or more of the foliage), consider having the tree removed and destroyed to protect other trees on your landscape.
• Carefully remove and destroy dead foliage and twigs from beneath infected trees.

During periods of drought, eliminate all overhead or spray methods of watering. The spread of Cercospora blight depends partly on splashing water and warmth.

Prevention of Cercospora Blight of Junipers – Once a Cercospora blight infection is confirmed, the following preventative measures should be taken:

• Plant disease-free tree species
• Plant disease-resistant species
• Plant your trees far enough from others to maintain good airflow
• Care for your trees and encourage healthy growth (water, soil, fertilizer, etc.)
• Keep grass and shrubbery (surrounding the tree) cut low enough to permit free airflow
• Have your trees inspected annually for early detection of potential issues

Have heavily infected trees removed and destroyed by a professional tree service. As the tree’s health declines, it becomes a target for insect infestations and other infections.

Evergreen Tree Disease Identification

Part of an evergreen tree’s growth process includes the occasional needle or leaf drop. During times of drought, a tree may lose more of its foliage than normal, appearing to be sick.

Some insect infestations like bagworms, mites, beetles, and scale can cause chlorosis and leaf drop that appears to be an infection versus an infestation.

When you cannot positively identify whether or not your tree has contracted a disease, call a professional tree service to help you figure out what is happening.

How To Identify and Treat Evergreen Diseases

In this article, you discovered evergreen tree disease information, the symptoms to watch for, and how to treat pathogens that weaken and kill evergreens.

By knowing what to look for and how to treat tree diseases, you can take prompt action to either save your tree or have it removed.

When you ignore the signs of evergreen tree infections, you risk not only losing your tree but spreading the disease to other trees on your landscape.

Sources:
web.extension.illinois.edu/focus/index.cfm?problem=sphaeropsis-diplodia-blight
extension.umd.edu/hgic/topics/cytospora-canker-spruce
hnr.k-state.edu/extension/info-center/common-pest-problems/common-pest-problem-new/Cercospora%20Needle%20Blight%20of%20Juniper.pdf
digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1892&context=extensionhist

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Why Are Trees Dying All Over the World?

Trees around the world are dying, and they’re going fast. Can we figure out how to remedy this before it’s too late?

Trees on a global scale are being threatened and are dying from drought, disease, insects, and fire as average worldwide temperatures are on the rise. Individual action to plant and protect trees can and should be taken.

fasttreeremovalatlanta.com collected information demonstrating how global warming and climate change have adversely affected trees all over the world, including screwbean mesquite trees, ancient baobab trees, dying forests in California, and the plight of the pines in Canada’s Jasper national forest.

Tree Threats Due to Global Warming and Climate Change

As global warming leads to climate change, trees are forced to adapt or die. While many tree species are able to accommodate subtle temperature changes, there are those that are unable to cope with the environmental changes. Read here about climate change and the future of deciduous trees.

Warmer temperatures translate to a longer growing season. This produces larger trees with less wood density and a lower capacity to absorb and store carbon dioxide.

As trees are responsible for removing more than 100 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the global atmosphere, a decline in their capacity is noteworthy and somewhat alarming. For more on the planet’s carbon cycle visit globecarboncycle.unh.edu/CarbonPoolsFluxes.shtml

With higher temperatures (even by 1 or 2 degrees), droughts are becoming more frequent and widespread, potentially leading to:

Carbon Starvation – During a period of drought, trees will go into a state of conservation where they all but cease carbon dioxide absorption, thus dramatically reducing photosynthesis and the production of nutrients for the tree.

While many trees species have evolved to withstand drought, their decline and eventual death are hastened as periods of drought become more frequent and lengthy.

Hydraulic Failure – During periods of prolonged or severe drought, the lack of water also known as hydraulic failure can quickly debilitate and kill trees.

Bark Beetle Infestations – This same increase in temperatures also leads to more favorable conditions for wide-spread bark beetle infestations including in high-elevation pines.

As a beetle bores into the bark of a pine tree, it is met with resin, the tree’s primary defense mechanism. During periods of drought, the resin flow from pine trees is reduced, lowering the tree’s capability to repel the beetle’s attack.

Weather acts as another of the tree’s defense mechanisms against bark beetles. To kill a beetle brood, winter temperatures must remain below freezing for at least a week, and even this depends on the species of beetle.

USDA Hardiness Zone Map 1990 to 2015

To illustrate the warming tendencies across the continental United States, look no further than the USDA Hardiness Zone Map. The image below represents temperature increases between 1990 and 2015, subsequently causing a shift in the borders and sizes of the hardiness zones.

Some of these changes are significant enough to alter species selections for landscapes and gardens, more notably in the southern states. If these changes continue over the coming decades, plants and tree species planted as little as 30 years ago may succumb to their changed environment.

Dying Screwbean Mesquite Trees in the Southwest United States

Found in western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, southern Nevada, and in northern Mexico, the screwbean mesquite tree is a well-adapted species for desert climates. Yet, this tree species is rapidly dying off.

While the reasons for the decimation of the screwbean mesquite are still eluding researchers, two strong candidates are emerging from the theories:

Temperature Increases – While desert vegetation is uniquely adapted to withstand high temperatures and sparse rainfall, it is the increase in overnight temperatures that may be causing the decline and death of this species.

Pathogens – In recent studies of dead screwbean mesquites, an unknown pathogen has been discovered in several of the specimens. Whether this pathogen played a part in the demise of the trees or was an effect of what caused their death is still undetermined. To read more about the plight of the screwbean mesquite visit blog.nature.org/science/2018/10/09/the-mystery-of-the-dying-mesquites/

Ancient African Baobab Trees Dying Off

African baobab trees are long-lived, with some having thrived for over 2,000 years. That is, until recently. According to a recent study of the eldest of the species, they have all begun to decline or die.

Most striking is that baobab trees that have persisted for so long are now dying one after another, indicating a dramatic change in their ecosystem.

While more research is needed for a conclusive determination, the trees are currently under pressure by increasing temperatures and drought. All information thus far points towards climate change as the culprit. Read more here nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0170-5.epdf

Dying Trees in California

The effects of rising temperatures, infestations, and drought on forests are abundantly clear in California’s forests. In mid-2016, aerial surveys documented that nearly 28 million trees had died in the California forest landscape.

With a landscape already prone to wildfires, California in recent years has seen its most destructive fires leave paths of devastation through communities and entire cities.

Fueled by dead and dying trees, these fires are fast-moving, more intense, and deadly reminders of the effects the climate is having on trees. For more wildfire information visit insurancepublicadjustersofgeorgia.com/wildfire-property-insurance-claim/

For further reading on the death of trees in California visit www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/water-and-drought/article75411182.html

Trees Changing, in Decline, and Dying Around the World

As average temperatures rise around the world, invasive diseases, pests, and drought are taking their toll on the global tree population.

In Europe, studies have revealed that warmer temperatures have created a longer growing season, producing larger, but weaker trees.

Canadian forests are being decimated by mountain pine beetles. As temperatures rise, the beetles are able to survive and successfully attack in higher altitudes. Jasper National Park in the Canadian Rockies is a perfect example where nearly half of the park’s trees have been affected and are either in decline or dead.

Tree diseases are also on the rise. In the recent past, Dutch elm disease and hemlock woolly adelgid caused catastrophic tree loss in eastern forests.

In 2010, it was found that Hawaii’s ohi’a trees were infected and dying from what was called ohi’a death disease. By 2016, nearly 50,000 acres on the big island’s native forest were found to be infected with the disease.

Currently, Beech leaf disease is posing severe threats by rapidly spreading to Beech trees in all stages, including saplings, mature trees, and those that are centuries old in the northeastern United States and Canada.

Rising Global Temperatures and Tree Loss

Trees are being negatively impacted on a global scale by rising temperatures. Without a solution in thecoming decades, our forests may all be at risk of dying.

In this article, you discovered how the world’s tree population is struggling with rising global temperatures, drought, aggressive diseases, insect infestations, and wildfire. You also found out that screwbean mesquite trees, African baobab trees, and North American pines are under incredible environmental stress.

It may seem that on an individual level we are helpless to halt or reverse these climatic changes. However, we can plant trees and shrubs in their correct hardiness zones, take measures to control tree pests and infestations, and provide ample water for your trees.

Sources:
https://grist.org/article/the-last-ditch-effort-to-save-the-worlds-forests-from-climate-change/
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaba0f/pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms5967
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/08/climate-change-making-trees-bigger-weaker
https://www.arborday.org/media/mapchanges.cfm

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